Indigenous children continue to be disproportionately represented in Australian out-of-home care statistics, despite overall rates falling, AAP reports.
A 118-page annual report, released on Tuesday by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, shows one in four of the roughly 46,000 children in out-of-home care in mid-2020 were Indigenous.
At the time there were about 18,900 Indigenous children in out-of-home care, which includes living with a relative or foster carer.
That represents one in 18 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Australia, and is 11 times higher than the rate for non-Indigenous kids.
Almost two-thirds (63%) of that group were living with family or other Indigenous caregivers, with the rest in other arrangements including foster care.
AIHW spokesman Dinesh Indraharan said:
In positive news, over 80% of Indigenous children who exited out-of-home care into more stable and permanent arrangements, did not return to care within 12 months.
The number of Indigenous children receiving child protection services in 2019-20 was 55,300 – a rate of 166 for every 1,000 Indigenous children, up from 151 for every 1,000 in 2016-17.
Some 14,300 Indigenous children had reports of abuse substantiated, with emotional abuse (47%) and neglect (32%) the two most common forms of mistreatment.
Indraharan said:
Children from very remote areas were three times as likely as those from major cities to be the subject of a substantiation …
That is, when a notification has been investigated and there was reasonable cause to believe the child had been, was being, or was likely to be, abused, neglected or otherwise harmed.
Victoria had the highest reported rate of Indigenous kids in out-of-home care of all states or territories, followed by WA and the ACT.
Steroids
# Steroids
## Types of Steroids
Steroids are hormone supplements designed to mimic the effects of natural hormones, particularly testosterone, within the body.
They can be derived from natural sources such as animals or plants and are used
for various purposes, both therapeutic and non-therapeutic.
### Anabolic-androgenic Steroids (AAS)
These steroids are among the most commonly referenced types.
AAS includes a range of synthetic hormones that replicate
the effects of testosterone, often used to enhance
muscle growth and physical performance. Examples include:
– **Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)**: Primarily functions in the regulation of male characteristics.
– **Testosterone**: The primary hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics.
– **Cortisol**: A steroid hormone released by the adrenal glands that play a significant
role in the body’s response to stress and inflammation.
Each type of steroid has unique properties and is used differently, whether it be for muscle building, fat loss,
or other specific health-related purposes.
## Side Effects of Steroids
The use of steroids can lead to both positive and negative effects on the body.
While they are beneficial in certain medical contexts, such
as treating conditions like hypothyroidism or severe infections, their misuse can result in a range of
unwanted side effects.
### Positive Effects
– Increased muscle growth and strength
– Enhanced protein synthesis, leading to faster recovery after workouts
– Reducing body fat while maintaining muscle mass
### Negative Effects
– Acne, hair loss, and other skin-related issues
– Mood swings and emotional instability
– Potential for liver damage with prolonged use
– Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
– Changes in cholesterol levels, which can lead to cardiovascular issues
It’s essential to be aware of these side effects when considering the use of
steroids.
## Steroid Cards
For individuals using steroids, especially in a medical context,
steroid cards provide valuable information. These
cards typically include:
– A list of the steroid being used
– Instructions for proper usage and dosage
– Warnings about potential side effects
– Storage guidelines to maintain effectiveness and prevent contamination
Always consult healthcare professionals before using steroids, as they
can provide personalized advice on safe practices.
## Uses for Steroids
Steroids are used in various ways, both legally and illegitimately.
In legitimate medical applications, they can be prescribed
for conditions such as:
– Severe cases of hypothyroidism
– Certain inflammatory or autoimmune disorders
– Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
In non-therapeutic contexts, steroids are often misused to enhance physical appearance or athletic performance.
## How Steroids Work
The mechanism by which steroids work involves binding to androgen receptors in cells.
This interaction stimulates the production of proteins responsible for muscle growth, fat loss, and other anabolic
processes. The body’s response to steroids is designed to repair and build, making them powerful tools for those looking to improve physical fitness.
## Support Links
If you or someone you know is struggling with steroid use or
its effects, there are resources available to help.
Organizations such as:
– **National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)**
– **American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)**
– **The Partnership for Drug-Free America**
offer information and support for individuals seeking help.
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